Bibliography and Works Cited

Primary Sources
  • Anon. The Colonies Reduced. 1767. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004672618/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2019. This political cartoon was published after the Townshend Acts. It was a satirical use of a print that Benjamin Franklin had earlier circulated.
  • ---. The Statue, or the Adoration of the Wise-Men of the West. 1765. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004672610/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2019. The Library of Congress has a wonderful collection of British political cartoons. This one is a sequel to the Repeal of Miss America Stamp. It is showing a tomb of one of the proponants of the Stamp Act.
  • ---. The Whitehall Pump. 1774. British Museum, Trustees of the British Museum, 2019, www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1401424&partId=1&people=130257&peoA=130257-1-7&page=1. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. This website not only had an awesome copy of the Whitehall pump, but it also explains it thoroughly. It is nice to have such a good explanation.
  • Barker, Penelope Pagett. "The British Will Know Who We Are." In the Words of Women, edited by Janet M. Wedge, Oct. 1774, inthewordsofwomen.com/?cat=88. Accessed 24 Oct. 2018. The letter contains information written by Penelope Pagett Barker about the Ladies of Edenton and their boycott. It describes how she feels and that they will no longer hide behind their husbands. They decide they will be known by signing the Edenton Tea Party Agreement.
  • "British Cartoon Prints." Library of Congress, United States Government, www.loc.gov/collections/british-cartoon-prints/?q=American+Revolution&all=true. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019. This collection of political cartoons in the Library of Congress should prove useful in gathering information for the political cartoon timeline. Although this label deceptively says that it is a collection of British political cartoon, it holds many which are from the patriot point of view. This will be most useful for putting together the timeline.
  • "Cartooning: Political - Illustration History." Norman Rockwell Museum, 2018, www.illustrationhistory.org/genres/cartooning-political. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019. This website has more solid information about the history of political cartoons. It gives specific examples of caricaturists and their work. I love that it is from the Norman Rockwell Museum.
  • Cartoon Prints: America. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/app/. Accessed 15 Mar. 2019. The Library of Congress has an entire collection of prints about and of the American War of Independence. I will be using quite a few of the political cartoons from this collection to help with illustrating different points in time for leading up to and including the American Revolution.
  • Copely, John Singleton. Paul Revere. 1768. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, www.mfa.org/collections/object/paul-revere-32401. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. Paul Revere was, of course, one of the most famous cartoonists of the 1700s and should definitely be included in the background information of the website. I am using this original image held at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts of Paul Revere as it is high quality and a primary source.
  • Darly, Matthew. M Darly P.O.A.G.B. 1775, British Museum, 1850,0810.198. This is a self-portrait of Mathew Darly. He is a cartoonist on side of the Crown. I could find only this one image of him but his cartoons are quite famous.
  • Dawe, Philip. A new fashion'd head dress for young misses of three score and ten. 1777. Yale, findit.library.yale.edu/catalog/digcoll:291646?_ga=2.188018720.989737702.1554350363-918312486.1552252210. I cannot locate any known image of Philip Dawe. He was quite prolific in his prints, but little is known about his personal life. He suddenly ended his career in 1780 - presumably because of death.
  • Dunlap, John. A Representation of the Figures Exhibited and Paraded through the Streets of Philadelphia. 30 Sept. 1780. Free Library of Philadelphia, libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/39574. Accessed 3 Apr. 2019. This image is particularly of Benedict Arnold of when he betrayed the Continental Army. It shows him as a two-faced person. There is a devil directly behind him.
  • Mellby, Julie L. "The Repeal, or The Funeral Procession of Miss Americ-Stamp." Graphic Arts: Exhibitions, acquisitions, and other highlights from the Graphic Arts Collection, Princeton University Library, Princeton Univeristy, 5 Jan. 2010, www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2010/01/the_repeal_or_the_funeral_proc.html. Accessed 30 Mar. 2019. This website had a very nice copy of Funeral of Miss Americ-Stamp political cartoon. It was a colorized version along with a detailed explanation of what the cartoon is depicting.
  • "Political Cartoons: John Carter Brown Library - Browse by Category." John Carter Brown Library, Luna Imaging, 2018, jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/browseByCategory. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019. This website has an amazing database of political cartoons with high-quality images. Each image has a small explanation with it. Most are from the British perspective. This will be a great place to get cartoons to show the opposite view of the colonists during each event.
  • Revere, Paul. Boston Massacre, 1770. 1770. Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/365208. Accessed 1 Apr. 2019. The Met Museum had an original copy of the Revere print. I discovered that there several reprinted later in the 1800s. This is one of the originals printed in the 1770s. An obvious difference in the prints is the color of the woman's hat in the background. The original is light colored. The reprints are dark.
  • ---. A View of the Year 1765. 1765. Massachusetts Historical Society, www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=244&mode=large&img_step=1&. Accessed 11 Apr. 2019. Political cartoon depicting the American colonies' opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765. This website gave a good description of what the cartoon is about.

Secondary Sources
  • Backer, Dan. "A Brief History of Cartoons." Crossroads Virginia, University of Virginia, 1996, xroads.virginia.edu/~ma96/puck/part1.html. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019. This website gave a brief history of cartoons. The author claims it goes back to the time of Leonardo DaVinci with extreme caricature. Then he moves through the "Join or Die" cartoon and up through the modern era. I will be using this for the history of political cartoons section to help explain how political cartoons had their beginning.
  • "Benjamin Franklin." Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Franklin/media/217331/232438. Accessed 4 Apr. 2019. I needed a simple picture of Benjamin Franklin. This website had an easy access, clear image of him.
  • Berkin, Carol. Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence. New York, Vintage Books, 2006. Dr. Berkin's amazing book opened my eyes as to the major importance of the women to the colonial cause as well as the tragic circumstances women from both sides had to endure. It talks of their bravery and fortitude as well as some of the more unfortunate circumstances they were in before and during the Revolutionary War.
  • Brunsman, Denver, and David J. Silverman. The American Revolution Reader. New York, Routledge, 2014. This book contains many articles that pertain to the Revolution. Dr. Brunsman and Dr. Silverman give an introduction to each article and asks the reader to consider various questions.
  • Bushinski, Glenn. "History of Political Cartoons." Swamp, Jerrick Ventures, 2017, theswamp.media/history-of-political-cartoons. Accessed 9 Apr. 2019. This article provides a nice overview of political cartoons with some excellent examples. They surmise that caricature actually went back into the time period of the Reformation.
  • "Cartoon Analysis Guide." Library of Congress, USA.gov, 2019, www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/activities/political-cartoon/lm_cart_analysis_guide.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. Infographic. The Library of Congress has a guide on how to analyze and interpret political cartoons. It is succinct and descriptive. The students will learn each of the steps to analysis when looking for symbolism, exaggeration, labeling, analogy, and irony. It gives a definition of each of the techniques and then ways to identify them.
  • Cartoon Analysis Worksheet. National Archives, www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/cartoon_analysis_worksheet.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019. This is a short worksheet that will be useful for students when analyzing the political cartoons within the website. It is clear and easy to use. Students in a variety of ability levels will be able to use this format.
  • Cavna, Michael. "Why 2018 is a huge moment in the history of political cartoons." Salt Lake Tribune, 12 May 2018, www.sltrib.com/news/nation-world/2018/05/12/why-2018-is-a-huge-moment-in-the-history-of-political-cartoons/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2019. This article was interesting in that it talked about how political cartoons can change the way people view things. I thought it was interesting in that this is something that has been happening for hundreds of years with political cartoons. I used it mostly for the political cartoon of Donald Trump insulting the average American.
  • "Colonial Silhouettes." Pexels Library, 2018, pexels-library.com/colonial-silhouette.html. Accessed 4 Apr. 2019. I needed a silhouette of a colonial man for the anon figure when discussing the political cartoonists. They had a variety of silhouettes on the page.
  • De Courtais, Georgine. Women's Hats, Headdresses, and Hairstyles : with 453 Illustrations, Medieval to Modern. Mineola, Dover Publications, 2006. Archive.org, archive.org/details/womenshatsheaddr0000deco/page/80. Accessed 29 Apr. 2019. Matthew Darly's work often depicts women with outlandish hairstyles. I wanted to find images or information about these types of hairstyles of the Georgian Era. This book provided some reference material that was useful.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, editor. "Frederick North, Lord North." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Apr. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-North-Lord-North-of-Kirtling. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. This Encyclopædia Britannica webpage gave information on Lord North that was necessary for the description of him when discussing the focus of political cartoons.
  • ---, editor. "George Grenville." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 17 Jan. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/George-Grenville. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. George Grenville is a central figure to colonial history. He is featured in many of the political cartoons and I therefore needed a quality image of him as well as a short biography. This served the purpose well.
  • ---, editor. "John Stuart, 3rd earl of Bute." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/biography/John-Stuart-3rd-Earl-of-Bute. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. The Earl of Bute became the center of several political cartoons. Of course, calling him the Earl of Butt was too easy. I used information from this website for the people featured section and then the picture to help with recognition.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, editor. "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., Apr. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/John-Montagu-4th-Earl-of-Sandwich. Accessed 29 Apr. 2019. Encyclopædia Britannica again gave important information about another main player in the build-up to the Revolutionary War. The article on the Earl of Sandwich gave good concise information along with a high-quality image to use.
  • Hess, Stephen, and Sandy Northrop. Drawn & Quartered: The History of American Political Cartoons. Montgomery, Elliott & Clark, 1996. This book provided a chapter on the American Revolution and a bit about the history of satirical print. It had more modern political cartoons and was therefore not as helpful as I had hoped it would be, but it did have a few quotes that proved to be useful.
  • Jones, Michael Wynn. The Cartoon History of the American Revolution. New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1975. This book is an overview of several of the cartoons of the American Revolution. It also discusses the cartoonists at the very beginning, then gives basic information as to the various actions that led to and were a part of the Revolution. It also gives a short history about the political cartoons and answered a couple of the questions I had about why I couldn't find cartoons of particular events.
  • Library of Congress, editor. "It's No Laughing Matter: Political Cartoons." Library of Congress - Teachers, USA.gov, 2019, www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/activities/political-cartoon/about.html. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. This Library of Congress website has detailed information on how to identify political cartoons. They have an interactive activity with political cartoons. I am using this for a definition of what a political cartoon is. It is a language that is easily understood by middle schoolers and is therefore why I am using it.
  • Loane, Nancy K. Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment. Washington, Potomac Books, 2009. Nancy Loane does an incredible job with depicting the lifestyle of the camp followers along with other women that came and went among the soldiers. One very nice aspect of this book is the variety of sources that are used to paint a more complete picture. It not only discusses the poorest of the camp followers but also depicts those in the upper crust of society as well as the slaves who were there.
  • Lundy, Darryl, editor. "Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland of Foxley." The Peerage, John Cardinal's Second Site, 2018, www.thepeerage.com/e12154.htm. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. Henry Fox is often satirized as a fox in the political cartoons so I needed a high quality picture of him for comparison.
  • Namier, J. Brooke, editor. "HUSKE, John (1724-73)." The History of Parliament: British Political, Social and Local History, The History of Parliament Trust, 1964, www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/huske-john-1724-73. Accessed 18 Apr. 2019. I needed a history of John Huske who was prominently featured in one of the political cartoons. The British Parliament maintains a historical database and record of prominent politicians in British history.
  • Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800. Ithaca, Cornell UP, 1996. In this book, Mary Beth Norton does impressive work with detailing the slow transformation of women from the simple feme covert and doing their basic notable housewife duties to those who were politically active. She uses detailed accounts of women who were part of this volatile time in America to illustrate the change in their responsibilities and choices. She points out an interesting dynamic with wanting to help with a cause, but all the while feeling like they must apologize for being less than feminine.
  • Parkin, Charles William. "Edmund Burke." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Jan. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Edmund-Burke-British-philosopher-and-statesman. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. I needed information on Edmund Burke since he kept showing up in the cartoons. It helped to have a brief explanation as to who he was. I added him to the list of people that show up repeatedly in the cartoons.
  • "Paul Revere's engraving of the Boston Massacre, 1770." Gilder Lehrman Institute, 2019, www.gilderlehrman.org/content/paul-reveres-engraving-boston-massacre-1770. Accessed 19 Apr. 2019. For the Boston Massacre Engraving, GLI had an interactive picture that allowed a close-up view of the engraving. It allowed me to discover some new portions of the picture I hadn't seen before. It also had a transcription of the poem that went with it.
  • Revive 1775. revive1775.com/category/symbols-of-the-american-revolution/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2019. I accidentally came across this website which gave me a wonderful idea about including something similar on mine. They had a few symbols that were used, but it was hardly inclusive. It did help to get me started.
  • Sherry, Jim. "Welcome to James Gillray: Caricaturist." James Gillray: Caricaturist, 1 Mar. 2018, www.james-gillray.org/index.html#. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. James Gillray was one of the most well-known caricaturists of the 18th century. He was prolific in his publications and is widely recognized and emulated. I will give some background about him since his work is mostly from Great Britain's point of view.
  • Stone, Daniel P. "Join, or Die: Political and Religious Controversy over Franklin's Snake Cartoon." Journal of the American Revolution, 10 Jan. 2018, allthingsliberty.com/2018/01/join-die-political-religious-controversy-franklins-snake-cartoon/. Accessed 15 Mar. 2019. This is an extensive article about the Join or Die political cartoon and how it came to be. I will be using it to help with the analysis of the cartoon and to help show that once this cartoon was published, it was used on both sides of the Revolutionary Conflict. It is a wonderful example of how vastly different political cartoons can be interpreted.
  • Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804. 2017 ed. Taylor's book was invaluable for giving information to help with background knowledge. It is very difficult to discern information from the cartoons without either prior knowledge or resources to use.
  • Thompson, Steve, et al. "Glossary of Historical Symbols." Alpha History, 2018, alphahistory.com/glossary-historical-symbols/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2019. This website provided a partial list of common symbols used in political cartoons. It explained their meanings. I was disappointed that it was so short and limited.
  • University of Massachusetts History Club. "List of British Acts on Colonial America." Stamp Act, 2018, www.stamp-act-history.com/british-taxation-colonial-america/list-of-british-acts/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. This website has a wonderful list of acts passed by the British Parliament for the American colonies. This is a succinct list with short descriptions of each act. I will be using this for each section to give the important acts that were passed and eventually led to the American War for Independence.
  • Wallenfeldt, Jeff. "Timeline of the American Revolution." Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-revolution. Accessed 16 Apr. 2019. I needed a simplified timeline of the Revolutionary War. Encyclopedia Britannica gave me one of sorts. It doesn't include everything that I had hoped for, but it has the basics.
  • West, Richard Samuel. "The First 150 Years of the American Political Cartoon." Politics in Graphic Detail Exploring History through Political Cartoons, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 2018, digitalhistory.hsp.org/hint/politics-graphic-detail/essay/first-150-years-american-political-cartoon. Accessed 9 Apr. 2019. This website was a project of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. They have gathered graphic arts from historic time periods. They have a great article to introduce the reasoning for political cartoons and then they have a collection of prints.
  • White, Vera Muriel. "William Pitt, the Elder." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 11 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/William-Pitt-the-Elder/media/462131/13506. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. William Pitt was a central figure in the early years of the rebellion. This information was used in the section that described the items that are often the center of the political cartoons.
  • "The Wise Men of Gotham and Their Goose." Digital History, 2019, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/revolution/cartoon3.cfm. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019. This website had detailed insight for "The Wise Men of Gotham and Their Goose" cartoon. It broke it down bit by bit and was helpful in analyzing that particular political cartoon.
  • Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution: A History. New York, Modern Library, 2003. Gordon Wood's book gives an incredible, concise history of the Revolutionary War. There are many passages that are eye-opening and thought provoking--as he points out historical information that is often overlooked.
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